As a result, border controls have become increasingly militarized [ 24], making migrants' living conditions more precarious without succeeding at reducing migration flows [ 13].
Furthermore, this matter is tightly intertwined with several social determinants, which are related not only to migrants' characteristics (such as, different gender roles, cultural diversity, migration experiences, and precarious legal status), but also the contextual environment of migrant destination countries (such as, idiosyncratic health systems and cultural values) [ 13, 14].
Illegal migration is an inherently precarious business.
Yet the stigma migrants increasingly face in the UK often means that people believe their migration status is more precarious than it is.
Moreover, even if such places represent socioeconomic extremes, similar problems surface whenever large-scale migration fuses with the more precarious parts of the economy.
Access to social security protection is important for migrants to reduce their vulnerability as migration is often linked to precarious employment (Lamarche, 2014: 32014
Nevertheless, the example of Bressanone shows that for migrants becoming an entrepreneur is perceived as a coping strategy in the face of the precarious labour market situation and the restrictive migration policy.
Divided into eight parts, from the rise of authoritarian rule in the 1970s to recent crackdowns on opposition to the mass exodus of refugees, the book is an artfully composed, incisive, and heartbreaking look at migration from those living that precarious reality.
Factor in the growing impact of climate change across the African Sahel region and already precarious populations on Europe's borders, and today's level of migration north could end up looking like a trickle.
Such differences might be explained by the stress caused by the migration process, including perceived lack of support [ 34], precarious socio-economic conditions [ 36], ethnic discrimination by the host population [ 37], and acculturation [ 38].
