They have precarious infrastructures and a lack of qualified staff (Kantor and Kaufmann 2008; UNICEF and UNSAM 2011).
Favelas are areas used for housing that are characterized by illegal or low-income occupation, with precarious urban infrastructure, a lack of official construction licensing, and legal tenure.
A case in point is Brazil, a large middle-income country whose current average income reflects a combination of some high income-level activities (aircraft industry, deep-sea oil-drilling capabilities, technology-intensive agriculture etc)., a rich natural-resource basis, a precarious basic infrastructure, and a large pool of unskilled-labor occupations.
Ms. Bove, who lives and works in Red Hook, Brooklyn, knows how precarious solid-looking infrastructure can turn out to be.
Basic road, water and electric infrastructure is precarious, with frequent power cuts.
Furthermore, dogs that live in peripheral urban areas where the sanitary conditions and infrastructure are precarious, compounded with biological and non-biological trash, open sewers and close proximity to other animal species constitute populations particularly at risk [ 14].
India still pushes several inches northward a year, and stresses on the mountain region's multiple fault lines regularly result in severe earthquakes that send avalanches crashing into steep river valleys, carrying away precarious roads, bridges, and other infrastructure.
Faced with such a precarious existence, and without basic infrastructure or security, it is easy to imagine an area trapped in a vicious downward spiral, barely attractive for habitation let alone migration.
The resulting images, which look like the remnants one might expect to find after a satisfying paper-shredding binge, are Napier's commentary on the precarious nature of the HTML infrastructure that powers the web.
