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In the 7th century these bonds took one of two forms: commendation (a freeman placed himself under the protection of a more powerful lord for the duration of his life) and precarious contract (a powerful lord received certain services in return for the use of his land for a limited time under advantageous conditions).
Old boozers have ceded ground to chain pubs, the hubs of industry have scattered and market men have morphed into a mixture of precarious contract workers and the retired unemployed.
Longitudinal data could probably make more evident the contribution of conditions such as unemployment and precarious contract arrangements, that are themselves major lifelong determinants of income or material resources.
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More than half of lecturers in UK higher education are now on precarious contracts.
Poland has the largest proportion in the EU of working people on precarious contracts, around 30%.
Among junior academics – those most likely to be doing frontline teaching – three-quarters are on these kinds of precarious contracts.
Tate Modern's 2018 Picasso exhibition saw cleaners employed by Ernst & Young stage an intervention over their precarious contracts.
You might also consider the percentages of non-academic staff (librarians, IT staff, facilities staff, etc) on precarious contracts or employed by franchises or subsidiary companies.
If and when we ECRs emerge from these precarious contracts, once we are in a position to choose, many of us will be careful in selecting who we work with.
Behr glosses over some of the problems this will cause, such as yet another bureaucratic burden on staff and the issue of precarious contracts many are forced to endure.
So a university may have the leading scholars in a field but students will be taught by junior staff, quite often on precarious contracts, who do not have the time or security to develop their research careers.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com