Finally, to explore the relations between pre-existing skills and aptitude for learning how to use topographic maps, all participants completed three additional measures.
To explore the relationships among participants' topographic map understanding and other pre-existing skills, correlations were calculated between performance on the TMA (using the 22 items included in the majority coding of the TMA) and previous map experience, the SOT, and the WLT (all correlations were interpreted using Cohen's, 1988, conventions).
We investigated the immediate and extended effects of the communication skills we taught, as distinct from pre-existing skills or other characteristics that parents might selectively bring into such a programme.
Static assessment is the measurement of pre-existing cognitive skills while the emphasis of dynamic testing is the psychological processes involved in learning and change [20].
These pre-existing clinical skills are an excellent starting point for the researcher.
Participants had a range of pre-existing computer skills from not having a computer to using it regularly.
We proposed that students' pre-existing math skills would map to the outcome assessments and learning gains.
It offers support to help parents build on pre-existing parenting skills, use positive behaviour management, communication and relationship strategies and look after their own emotional needs, so they can parent more effectively.
It may be beneficial for adult disability services to provide health promotion strategies including education around ageing to assist ambulant adults with CP navigate adulthood where pre-existing mobility skills, may be lost or reduced, with the potential for lowered HRQOL.
One aspect of the migrant experience is that it can be hard to take advantage of pre-existing qualifications and skills when you move to another country.
The next two panels investigate whether the effect of immigrants on productivity depends on the firm's level of technological intensity, and on the pre-existing level of skills at the industry level15.
