The simulations show that at high temperatures the dislocation core becomes an effective source/sink of point defects and the effect of pre-existing defects on the core diffusivity diminishes.
During nanoindentation, it can be strongly influenced by crystalline anisotropy [7, 8] and indentation size effect (ISE) [9, 10], besides test equipment, surface roughness [11, 12], substrate effects [13], grain boundaries effects [14], pre-existing defects [15, 16] and indenter geometry [17, 18].
The switch of the CNT intersections to a possible tunneling effect due to the breakup of CNT contacts and the update distance of pre-existing tunneling effects were modeled.
Given the significant impact of annotation bias on pairwise MeSHOP comparison, we introduce a correction of our similarity scores for these pre-existing literature effects.
A second possibility is that H2-ab1 is not imprinted, but the presence of the KO allele in the F1 modifies the pre-existing parental effect.
In standard bacterial genetics, the complexities of adaptation are systematically avoided by use of stringent (often lethal) selection conditions that detect pre-existing large-effect mutants without contributing to their frequency.
The mutant colonies that accumulate above a nongrowing lawn seem to result from new mutant cells appearing during selection, but may be initiated by pre-existing small-effect mutants and improved by secondary mutations that are common under all conditions.
For example, the enzymes to degrade extracellular matrix or exopolysaccharide (EPS) were shown not only to inhibit biofilm formation, but also to remove pre-existing biofilms effectively, although the effects depend on the specificity of EPS matrix composition of biofilms [10] [13].
The major aspects that must be considered in studies of the health effects of environmental pollutants are: the direct damage due to the exposure, the role of pre-existing disease, and effects of the exposure on the response to secondary stresses.
We have revised the Introduction and Discussion to emphasize the pre-existing knowledge about effects of H NS on transcript elongation in vivo when we undertook this study (see point 1b).
This allowed us to rule out possible causes for the lack of efficacy of our treatment (such as presence/lack of pre-existing injury, specific effects of ventilation), and strengthened the understanding of the biological response.
