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To identify pre-existing characteristics associated with prolonged recovery from concussion in a sample of patients referred to a pediatric sports medicine clinic.
In this way, we randomized facilitators' characteristics across interventions; hence, reducing the plausibility of attributing any effects of the interventions to the facilitators' pre-existing characteristics [ 24].
With this modified approach, however, the balance in pre-existing characteristics across conditions sought through random assignment is less likely to hold.
The process involved in decision-making with respect to surgery in this disease is complex; the final decision being the result of primary tumour characteristics and communication between, and interaction of, multiple individuals each with their own pre-existing characteristics and influences interacting with each other over a series of encounters.
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With the present study design it was not possible to determine if the sensory hypersensitivity occurred as a direct result of chronic pain or if it was a pre-existing characteristic that predisposes some individuals to develop chronic pain.
The park was a pre-existing feature of the city.
When controlling for all relevant firm characteristics, any resulting differences between the two groups should be attributable to the treatment effect and not to pre-existing client characteristics (Heckman et al. 1998; Dehejia and Wahba 2002), as matched companies are considered identical.
Therefore, the results might also be attributable to differences in pre-existing firm characteristics.
In addition, this study examines the degree to which credits are being made for pre-existing building characteristics which do not result in any loss reduction.
Results suggest peritraumatic processes and post-exposure factors may hold more prominent relations with immediate trauma-related distress as compared to pre-existing survivor characteristics.
For some types of programs (i.e., child and youth mentoring programs), pre-existing provider characteristics such as age, gender and ethnicity are important considerations.
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