At the same time that environmental problems are creating significant strains on the economy, there are pre-existing economic challenges in the region.
Developing countries will be particularly affected for two reasons: they lack the infrastructure and resources to cope with climate-related changes, and they often are already contending with pre-existing public health challenges such as malnutrition, lack of medical care, and inadequate infrastructure for water and sanitation.
In a statement at the time, Hurd said he could not support the House GOP's American Health Care Act because it did not "address the concerns of many of my constituents, including adequate protections for those with pre-existing conditions and the challenges faced by rural healthcare providers".
"Both are great examples of affordable and sustainable homes that challenge pre-existing government ideas of what is achievable.
In West Africa, the decline of the slave trade challenged pre-existing political authorities who defended their interests through violence.
Of the effective approaches reported by Crowl et al., (1997), the researcher challenged pre-existing ideas (beliefs, concepts, and misconceptions) by presenting situations that subjects were unable to explain paradoxes, dilemmas, and perplexities.
These new epistemologies, accommodating both scientific expertise and local experience, serve to challenge pre-existing conventions and expand our frames of reference, presenting the possibility for conceptualisations of and solutions to environmental drivers of vulnerability which reflect the unique social context of those who occupy the environment.
They function as an artistic intervention, challenging pre-existing perceptions as well as institutional hierarchies in art.
He openly challenged pre-existing federal arrangements, stating on the campaign trail that Australia "should now consider whether that great historic instrument, the Constitution, meets the needs of to-day in the light of the developments which have taken place".
