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Most commercial data mining programs accept data pre-formatted in the form of a table, with each example being encoded as a linear feature vector.
Fig. 1 Pre-formatted discharge summary.
This means – above all – that agendas of ethical expert committees are pre-formatted to the very aim of getting consensus.
In other words, deliberation platforms or public participation initiatives are pre-formatted by broader or other political actors and agenda-setting.
To begin with, a problem of ELSA agenda-setting has been that research agendas of ELSA research were often pre-formatted by the scientific research programs they intended to study.
Ethics expertise is not only considered as a useful device to inform policy agendas on issues of legitimacy and acceptability, these agendas are also often pre-formatted, giving way to the problem of framing.
"Graphics" scored poorly with "Pre-format change" PAs in two areas: "Relevance" and "Captions".
Suitability assessment of materials (SAM) and readability tests were run by three independent evaluators on 46 PAs (14 "Pre-format change" and 32 "Post-format change").
This study excluded any non-English PAs; therefore, 46 PAs were included for analysis (14 "Pre-format change" and 32 "Post-format change").
The goal of this study was to compare PAs written using the original (Pre-format) and the revised (Post-format) template through readability and SAM tests.
The overall "Pre-format change" average was ranked "Adequate", but near the low end of the scale, at 51%% (Fig. 2).
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com