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Both continuous weld toe cracks and semi-elliptical toe cracks with alternate pre-existing defect depths were considered.
To understand the effect of a pre-existing defect on body armor performance, a two-dimensional finite element model was developed.
The energy barrier for initial dislocation nucleation is much higher than that for subsequent nucleation events adjacent to the pre-existing defect.
Fatigue crack initiation life was disregarded with respect to crack propagation life, and fatigue life was evaluated only as propagation of a small pre-existing defect.
In the silicon nitride (Si3N4) balls, whose failure is studied here, the most dangerous pre-existing defect is the so called C-crack – the circumferential surface crack of conical shape, formed during the ball manufacturing process.
Presented in this paper is a set of modern tools for the design of gearing: kinematic optimisation (minimisation and balancing of specific sliding), static stress analysis (to minimise stress concentrations) and crack propagation studies (to estimate fatigue life under a pre-existing defect).
Many linkages were pre-existing.
Two types of pre-existing defects were identified as initiation points of degradation.
The damage was often observed to initiate from pre-existing defects.
Subsequent cooling towards low temperatures allows the study of the temperature-induced martensitic transformation at pre-existing defects.
Pre-existing defects in ceramics induce shock-wave compression fractures and may lead to the failure of designed functions.
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