Organic farming practices compared to conventional farming practices have been shown to improve soil quality indicators based on traditional measures of biological, chemical, and physical properties [21], [22], [23], with few studies showing no advantages [24].
In our cross-sectional studies [ 38, 43] commissioned by the Swiss Federal Office of Public Health (BAG) we also noted better cost-effectiveness implications in primary care providers who had incorporated NT in their practice (compared to primary care providers offering conventional medical treatment alone).
In IGP annual increases in SOC stock compared to conventional practice were between 0.16 and 0.49 Mg C ha−1 yr−1.
The need for machining of the components is reduced to a minimum and welding during final assembly is reduced substantially compared to conventional practice.
While both computer conditions (tablet and wearable) led to faster performance, when compared with the paper condition, there was no difference in content or quality of the reports produced in any of the three conditions; thus, the computer conditions produced acceptable reports in much faster time when compared to conventional practice.
Although, direct drilling improved soil structural stability, its lower yield (5608 and 4731 kg ha−1 for TP and NT, respectively) potential would indicate that reduced tillage systems (i.e. CD) appear to be the accepted alternative management compared to conventional practice (MD).
Pressure-filtration recovery of alum shows potential to reduce operating costs when compared to conventional practice but is yet to demonstrate adequate selectivity.
Similarly, natural adsorbents involving biological process i.e. biosorption have also obtained significant consideration because of their several benefits as compared to conventional practices (Ogata et al. 2014; Akpor and Muchie 2010).
That study considered emissions related to sugar transport, energy imbed in the equipments and agricultural machines and also emissions related to production of chemical supplies, resulting amounts of 34.08 kg CO2eq per ton of sugarcane processed, a reduction of 32% in GHG emission when compared to conventional practices that resulted in 50.44 kg CO2eq, considering the same scope [29].
The results obtained from abovementioned studies indicated that advanced anaerobic digesters displayed better performance in POME treatment compared to conventional practices.
