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Instead, it provides experimental means to determine what are practically observable and observed facts of damage accumulation, thus making it possible to develop or experimentally verify appropriate damage evolution laws.
The practically observable and ascertainable Ymax (the maximum observable rate) and Xmax (the concentration of substrate at which maximum rate is observed) values are the new concepts introduced here.
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Considering the Kalman Bucy Filter (KBF) from an engineering point of view it is always important to know in advance, before KBF implementation, which variables are practically "good" and which are "bad" observable and how long it will take to estimate all of them in the presence of measurement noise to some appropriate (not necessarily theoretically optimal) level.
However, very low isotopic abundances (e.g., O, S, H …) may be of theoretical interest but, in general, do not have to be considered practically in LC HRMS analysis because they are not observable with most current MS instrumentation.
As can be seen in Figure 4, the particles are practically oxygen-free as no silicon oxide signal is observable.
To accomplish real-time agility, we designed an approximate, adaptive-grid solution for Partially Observable Markov Decision Processes (POMDPs) that yields practically good results, and in some cases, guarantees on the quality of the approximation.
Consequently, true low-frequency variants will be practically indistinguishable from process error, whilst high frequency viral variants will be easily identified, as they are observable at levels much higher than can be attributed to error.
"Practically anyone, practically anything".
Practically organic, practically vegan..."....
Change is observable time.
Second, obesity is easily observable.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com