But experts say it will be a decade or more before practical devices can be made of DNA.
But independent discoverers used the idea to make practical devices, and they received virtually all of the credit for it.
But many big hurdles remain, including how to miniaturize electrodes and implant them safely, and practical devices are a long way off.
Ask what medical and practical devices might be helpful — a special toilet seat or commode, for example, or a wheelchair, ramp, hospital bed or feeding equipment.
The amount of dopant that is required in practical devices is very small, ranging from about 100 dopant atoms per million silicon atoms downward to 1 per billion.
This effect is exploited in a variety of practical devices such as microphones, phonograph pickups, and wave filters in telephone-communications systems.
By 1910 Edmund Altenkirch, a German scientist, satisfactorily calculated the potential efficiency of thermoelectric generators and delineated the parameters of the materials needed to build practical devices.
Dr. Alferov, who is 70, and Dr. Kroemer, who is 72, were cited for independently developing electronic components called heterostructures that turned small, solid-state lasers into practical devices and greatly accelerated communications circuitry.
The confusion between art and technique is especially beloved by impotent artists, who hope to obtain from practical things and practical devices and inventions the help which their strength does not enable them to give themselves.
Scientists long ago calculated that an hour's worth of the sunlight bathing the planet held far more energy than humans worldwide could use in a year, and the first practical devices for converting light to electricity were designed more than half a century ago.
This is because the data are being encrypted in a new and probably unbreakable way with one of the first practical devices to be developed for quantum information technology.The idea of using the more arcane aspects of quantum theory to do things that standard information technology cannot manage has been around for a while.
