Especially, the market integration of intermittent electricity provision by wind and solar power asks for flexible means in the power system in order to facilitate a secure and sustainable energy supply [3].
Over the same period, there was a 342.95 MWel increase in the installed capacity of plants which had been operational since before the EEG 2014 and added additional capacity to receive the flexibility premium (see below the "Policy incentives for flexible power generation from biomass" section) [38].
Bioenergy's role in grid stabilisation is discussed in the "Market incentives for flexible power generation from biomass" section, as plants already offer control power in today's balancing markets.
For the current state of transition towards a renewable power system in Germany with a RES share in gross electricity consumption of 31.7% in 2016 [24], the requirement for flexible power provision from bioenergy is still limited on a national scale.
Nevertheless, Hochloff and Braun [75] show that the best economic results including the flexibility premium are achieved by using the largest CHP unit (2.0 MW) for flexible power generation from biogas plants.
"There is an urgent need for flexible power sources for next-generation wearables and smart fabrics," says Venkat Viswanathan, a mechanical engineer and battery technology specialist at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, who was not involved in the new study.
For flexible power systems, nanostructured aramid nanofibers (ANFs)/graphene sheets multilayer films were fabricated from ANFs and GO dispersions using dip-assisted LbL assembly [69].
The development of flexible, efficient, and earth-abundant electrocatalysts on carbon substrates for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is of great significance for flexible power sources.
Results show that in a competitive market setting compensation payments for flexible power consumption are higher when dealing with higher wind forecast error levels.
However, to be successful, the regulation of capacity supply – currently designed for flexible power plants – needs to accommodate the specific production patterns of variable renewable energy installations.
