In the observation chamber, powdered paper ash 10 20 μm in diameter, made in our laboratory, was placed on the caudal section of the tracheal mucosa of the quail with a fine plastic stick to determine the pathway for optimal MTV.
The use of butter, petroleum jelly and hair lotion for this purpose in Ethiopia contrasts with the use of a wide variety of substances such as cow dung, mustard oil, turmeric, boric powder, ash and mud in other countries.
However, detergent powder, ash, a mixture of ash and detergent, and soil from the area outside the latrine or in the yard are all commonly used for handwashing as well, particularly after defecation or after cleaning a child who defecated (Table 5).
Some other popular substances include: Powdered ginger, talcum powder, ashes from burnt wood or lime.
The binary and ternary blends of powder materials used were combinations of two cements with four additions in different percentages: limestone powder, fly ash, granite filler and microsilica.
As the precursor matrix and fillers we utilized cement (clinker), copper powder, fly ash particles, calcinated soil and sand.
Approximately 33% of the total binder (450 kg/m3) was replaced by limestone powder, fly ash or a fly ash silica fume blend.
Via the use of accelerated carbonation techniques with 100% CO2 concentration, an experimental programme was performed to investigate the carbonation and associated microstructural changes of three different self-compacting concrete (SCC) in which some of the cement had been replaced by limestone powder, fly ash and/or silica fume.
Geophagy (or geophagia) is the most common type of pica described in the literature, although many other substances have been characterized as pica including baby powder, chalk, ash, ceramics, paper, paint chips, charcoal, and large quantities of ice [6], [7].
