Although further study is needed to determine the extent to which these outcomes are a reflection of dyadic relationships between postgraduate mentors and undergraduate protégés or simply the side-by-side involvement of undergraduates and postgraduates in research, we believe that these results reveal five tensions that are intrinsic to UREs at research universities (Table 2).
Swedish institutions are usually strictly law-abiding, but the "shadow postgraduate" condition has benefits for both sides.
"The majority of our well-heeled international cohort have no need to earn money on the side," says Jon Pike, director of postgraduate programmes at University of Westminster Business School – but, he adds, there are some natural entrepreneurs among them.
Dave Lauer studied computer science, international finance and philosophy at graduate and postgraduate level, before entering finance on the technical side.
Their teacher was a postgraduate with a taste for Victorian literature – "Thackeray, Kipling, Dickens" – who grew up the other side of a nearby peak.
After a postgraduate year at Kingston, John taught from 1964 until 1971 at Coventry School of Art, where he developed his conceptual side.
If further research reveals positive outcomes of UREs for postgraduates and faculty, faculty may tip their own cost-benefit analysis of UREs toward the "benefit" side.
On the other side of the coin, philanthropic efforts are emerging for those who have been refused entry to postgraduate areas of academia on the basis of economic class into which they were born.
Of the two healthcare workers present during endotracheal intubation in whom SARS did not develop, one was a postgraduate medical trainee who assisted with manual ventilation (bag-valve-mask ventilation using a Laerdal bag) and was positioned to the side of the patient rather than directly over the patient's head.
Postgraduate Dental Dean, London.
