Given that male tilapia store urine in their bladders, urine was collected in males by a smooth anterior-posterior massage of the abdominal region following a procedure previously described [ 27].
One fourth of the posterior part was massaged to expel the content of the lower gut.
Prea and Posta-massage PDb posterior deltoid; IFc infraspinatus; TMd teres minor FLEX-SFe Flexilevel Scale of Shoulder Function.
Although soft tissue massage of the posterior shoulder tissues is often included in rehabilitation of individuals with posterior shoulder tightness, glenohumeral internal rotation ROM deficit, and/or impingement syndrome, evidence to support treatment protocols is limited.
A physical therapist provided the massage on the posterior deltoid, infraspinatus, and teres minor of the involved shoulder for 18 minutes [about 6 minutes for each muscle] two times a week for 4 weeks.
In our sample with restricted internal rotation ROM of 31°, improvement of internal rotation ROM was more obvious after massage in the posterior deltoid than in the other two muscles.
After 4 weeks, the glenohumeral internal rotation ROM and 3 muscle tightness measurements at the pre-massage internal rotation position (posterior deltoid, infraspinatus, and teres minor muscles) were evaluated by the same blinded assessor for each patient.
Additionally, we found that duration of symptoms, FLEX-SF scores, and posterior deltoid tightness were predictive of effective massage.
We also investigated the predictors of the effectiveness of massage to treat subjects with posterior shoulder tightness.
At each treatment session the therapist also performed soft tissue massage and passive accessory central posterior-anterior mobilisation techniques on the thoracic spine.
Forty-three women and 17 men (mean age = 54 years, range 43-73 years) with posterior shoulder tightness participated and were randomized into massage and control groups (n = 30 per group).
