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Background context: No previous study has used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to evaluate changes of posterior disc bulging and intervertebral foraminal size in the normal spine with flexion-extension movement, comparing L4 5 versus L5 S1 intervertebral levels.
To resolve some of the deficiencies of anterior lumbar arthroplasty, such as the approach itself, difficulty of revision, and postoperative facet pain, 360° motion preservation systems based on posterior disc and posterior dynamic system (PDS) designs are being pursued.
With increasing force, tensile failure of the posterior disc, PLL and PLC occurs resulting in a highly unstable injury.
The middle column consists of the posterior half of the vertebral body, posterior disc, and posterior longitudinal ligament.
Enhancement of the posterior disc from an aseptic reaction is seen in the majority of the patients, which can mimic early infection.
Fig. 3 The collection in the posterior epidural space and the posterior disc bulge is seen compressing the thecal sac and the cauda equina.
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Note that the focal hyperintensity within the posterior L4 L5 disc is compatible with the annulus fibrous fissure (red arrow).
OS showed mild vitreous haze with an exudative detachment at the posterior pole; disc edema with dilated, congested and tortuous veins; and multiple dot blot hemorrhages; flame-shaped hemorrhages; and soft exudates throughout the posterior pole and mid-periphery (Fig. 1b).
We quantified the number of cells in mitosis, detected by the expression of Phospho-Histone3, in the anterior and posterior wing disc compartments, and the size of the corresponding compartments.
Interestingly, induction of clones mutant for thickveins, encoding the Dpp receptor, has been shown to result in cell autonomous expulsion of the clones in both anterior and posterior wing disc compartments [46], [47], [48].
PAX2 deficiency primarily causes a posterior optic disc defect in mice (63), whereas in the Sall2−/− mice normal closure of the posterior globe was observed.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com