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In study after study, she's found that "from the get go, the pre- and post-natal environment makes a difference.
Facets of the post-natal environment including the type and complexity of environmental stimuli, the quality of parenting behaviors, and the amount and type of stress experienced by a child affects brain and behavioral functioning.
A growing body of research, conducted mainly in rodents, has found that factors such as the complexity of stimuli present in the post-natal environment, the quality of parenting behaviors, and the amount of stress that occurs during the lifespan can affect neural, emotional and cognitive functioning (for review, see [1], [2]).
Research suggests that the post-natal environment may buffer the effects of prenatal maternal mood on child outcomes.
A developing brain is known for its plasticity and ability to reorganize in response to stimulation provided by the post-natal environment.
These breeding schemes produce littermate control mice that have the same genetic background and are subject to the same intra-uterine and post-natal environment as the mutants.
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Because the pups' genetic makeup was identical, this cross-fostering, as it's called, allowed Francis to look at how both their pre- and post-natal environments influenced what kind of mice they became as adults.
An environmental cause for the maternal effect, by contrast, would not be observed in these studies because the maternal intra-uterine and post-natal environments are the same regardless of which parent transmits MS risk.
In a related vein, Curley et al. conducted a series of experiments involving manipulations of both post-natal and post-weaning environments in different genetic strains of mice and found strain x environment interactions in adult differences in anxiety-like behavior.
They also have a social goal: to provide, at an affordable price, access to contraceptives, pre- and post-natal care, and a safe environment for women giving birth.
Descriptive statistics were computed for socio-demographic characteristics of parents, home environment and post-natal variables at baseline.
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