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In an apparent response to the female morphological adaptation, males of this species added to their typically violent coercive mounting of the female new post-mounting, pre-copulatory courtship signals produced by tapping the water's surface with the mid-legs.
Given the evidence presented here, G. gracilicornis, is the only species of Gerridae in which males, after forcefully mounting a female, produce intimate courtship signals to induce ("persuade" sensu [1]) the protrusion of female genitalia (a unique "post-mounting pre-copulatory courtship" of G. gracilicornis).
In this report, we show that the morphology-dependent concealment of female genitalia in G. gracilicornis might have triggered the evolution of male behavioral traits, such as the post-mounting, pre-copulatory courtship signals produced as ripple waves on the water's surface.
To determine shrinkage due to tissue fixation, staining, and mounting (Egger et al. 2008), the post-mounting thickness of a subset of 10 human and mouse slices was measured, but no statistical difference was observed (140.7 vs. 137.8 µm, medians for human and mouse, P > 0.05, Mann Whitney).
Our results illustrate how the apparent "victory" of one sex in the antagonistic coevolution of morphological adaptations for intromission control (male and female genitalia) triggers the evolution of a behavioral trait in another sex (post-mounting courtship signals).
Hence, although not experimentally proven, it is possible that A. najas leg movements may have a similar function to the post-mounting ripple signals of G. gracilicornis (attachment signals).
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