In general, the US literature has found that losses are primarily caused by lower wages in post-displacement jobs, whereas evidence from many European countries finds almost no wage losses for those who re-enter employment, but find significantly lower employment probabilities instead (Hijzen et al. 2010).
Likewise, older displaced workers are more sensitive to the situation in the local labour market in the industry from which they are displaced and experience stronger negative effects of changing industries after displacement on their post-displacement wages, probably due to industry-specific human capital that is lost upon displacement.
Using pre- and post-displacement household survey and semi-structured interview data, as well as data from a small comparison group, I find that wealth increased for the majority of the study population and that socioeconomic inequality decreased, as poorer households experienced greater improvements in housing conditions, assets, and property ownership.
Pre- and post-displacement images were then analyzed via DISMAP [27] to determine the strain fields around the implant.
However, these characteristics changed during the post-displacement period.
High rates of mortality have been estimated in both the pre-displacement and post-displacement periods [ 17, 18].
Further, we found evidence that there are differential pathways to these PTSD and PGD subgroups related to the specific nature of the trauma and post-displacement refugee experience.
Furthermore, this scaling is to a large extent due to a simple extension/truncation of growth, but also includes pre- and post-displacement.
Prolonged displacement is shown to have a negative impact on levels of resilience, adding to the impact of the camp-like post-displacement living conditions.
Alcohol use behaviours are context specific, related to a range of pre- and post-displacement influences (such as cumulative exposure to traumatic events [ 3, 8]); limited access to services may exacerbate the harmful consequences.
