However, the Bristow-Latarjet procedure remains controversial (albeit mainly in the North American literature) because of possible postoperative loss of external rotation, hardware failures, and development of osteoarthritis [ 13, 43, 54, 55].
The authors used a motion capture system to analyze the kinematic differences between constrained and unconstrained squat (the former not allowing to increase the knees distance over the gesture, thus preventing from possible compensatory hip abduction and external rotation in FAI patients) in a series of 14 patients with an unspecified type of FAI.
Restoration of useful external rotation is possible in some patients, even without any muscle transfer operation.
The patient was able to internally rotate the shoulder up to 20° and external rotation was not possible (Figs. 1, 2, 3).
The arm was rotated in external rotation.
With the deep part still intact, only 4 7° of external rotation of the talus was possible [79, 108].
Normal external rotation of the shoulder is possible without the presence of posterior dislocation.
Considering the normal range for flexion and abduction, this is possible but unlikely for extension, adduction and internal and external rotation.
Within the capsule, the ischiofemoral and iliofemoral ligaments are the dominant restraints for internal and external rotation, respectively, in more than two-thirds of the possible hip positions (Fig. 5).
The 5 shoulder movements (i.e. Mallet subscores) include abduction, external rotation, placing the hand behind the neck, placing the hand as high as possible on the spine, and placing the hand to the mouth.
