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The possibility of confounding by indication and unmeasured confounders needs to be acknowledged, as with any other observational study.
We also cannot exclude the possibility of confounding by unmeasured factors, for example cannulation method.
This permitted direct comparison of signals between the devices without any possibility of confounding from differences in signal origin.
Due to non-randomness there is possibility of confounding bias in quasi-experimental which is often used to discount this study results.
We recognize that participant health and ED utilization (including as related to access to other care settings) may vary between age groups, which raises the possibility of confounding.
In our analyses, we consider these socioeconomic determinants on total and gender-based suicide rates to prevent the possibility of confounding results [19].
Nonetheless, the discrepancies in neuroimaging we observed should be verified in a study of identified cases to remove the unlikely possibility of confounding by repeat visits.
An additional concern was the possibility of confounding by indication.
We cannot, of course, exclude the possibility of confounding by unmeasured variables.
By definition, autopsy studies are cross-sectional, introducing the possibility of confounding variables.
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The possibility of confounding in this data set has received much attention [ 4].
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