Sentence examples for positive expenditures from inspiring English sources

The constricted application of OLS only to the subgroup of individuals with positive expenditures however raises the risk of sample selection bias and therefore biased estimates [27].

Furthermore, belonging to the lowest quintile is the only negative predictor regarding the probability of positive expenditures amongst the income-variables (column 1).

We restrict the empirical analysis to households with positive expenditures on food and housing (which reduces the sample size very slightly to 12,488 observations).

In the second part, we estimated the level of expenditures among youth who had positive expenditures.

Part 1 estimated the probability of positive expenditures based on logistic regression.

To derive per capita costs, the estimated probabilities for positive expenditures were multiplied by the predicted costs per user.

However, for children with a positive expenditure, no clear discontinuity is observed (Fig. 3).

Barros (2009) finds that Seguro Popular reduces both the likelihood of having a positive expenditure on primary health care as well the size of the primary health care expenditures households incur in.

In sensitivity analyses we also used binary indicators of OOP spending, i.e., any positive expenditure related to outpatient care, inpatient care, and medicines, respectively.

The distribution of positive health expenditures (and length of stay) exhibit skew, kurtosis and heteroscedasticity, with a non-constant and increasing variance, albeit particular cost problems, such as the accommodation of a probability mass at "zero", may not have immediate relevance to length of stay analysis [ 51, 69].

Where ln (y i  > 0) is the log of positive maternity expenditure, X2i is a vector of covariates; the term ε2i includes unobservable factors, E is the expected level of medical expenditure.