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Some scientists argued that seeding to establish populations of trees and other plants in new areas in anticipation of climate change could work, if the processes were carried out carefully and with monitored and ecologically sound migration programs.
Populations of trees growing at high densities are subject to density-dependent mortality or self-thinning.
"When you have huge populations of trees susceptible, you have a major problem on your hands.
Based on these operations new populations of trees are explored iteratively.
Efficient gene flow in particular via pollen is the main factor contributing to high diversity within populations of trees but low differentiation among spatially separated populations (Finkeldey and Hattemer 2007).
The presence of small isolated populations of trees in buffered local microclimates is also suspected in northwestern Europe during the Pleistocene; but, except for one controversial site in Belgium [ 18], no temperate forest refugia for animal species have actually been precisely localized in this part of Europe.
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For example, increased temperatures and prolonged periods of drought may increase both wildfires and populations of tree-killing beetles in forests of the Pacific north-west.
Our model results support a growing appreciation that near-future climate change, even under modest increases in greenhouse gas emissions, will likely result in a substantial upslope shifts of the climate space required by current populations of tree species.
Northern Iberia, especially on coastal areas, was also patched with populations of tree species, and this is not only documented by palaeobotanical data (pollen and charcoal) but also postulated by phylogeographical models.
In this respect, our objective was to develop an extensive catalogue of gene sequences that can be used for exploring genetic variation in natural populations of tree species of widespread ecological importance such as oaks.
The frequency of pollen-mediated gene immigration often increases as population size decreases [ 27], and small populations of tree species reportedly receive immigrating pollen more frequently from larger populations than vice versa [ 80].
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