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In livestock populations, missing genotypes on a large proportion of animals are a major problem to implement the estimation of marker-assisted breeding values using haplotypes.
In zoo populations, missing parent information is more often the rule than the exception [ 7], and even for many commercial domestic populations, it is well known that the recorded pedigree does not generally fully represent the true pedigree.
This may be due to differences in study populations, missing data or variations in definitions and methods used to record injurious falls [ 51], and could result in an underestimation of the cost of falls and therefore cost-effectiveness.
We exclude SNPs from Σ (w ) with a minor allele frequency (MAF) less than 0.01 in any of the k populations, missing z-scores, r 2 ≤ 0.003, or an undefined r with the SNP we are imputing.
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We compare this sample to an Arctic-specific model of population structure in order to identify and estimate segments of the population missing from the sample.
About 15% of New York City elementary school students are from families that are homeless, another hard to teach population missing at Success schools because they are unable to complete the application process.
In order to include all patients from the intent-to-treat population, missing data for the primary parameter of time to a TOF ratio of 0.9 were imputed.
When measuring HRQoL in the general population, missing and inconsistent data are frequent, especially in elderly, educationally and socio-economically deprived, foreign and isolated groups.
25 For drop-outs and other exclusions from the PP population, missing values were replaced by the baseline value, according to the baseline observation carried-forward approach.
The absence of parasites could be due to an uninfected founding population ("missing the boat") [ 52], or subsequent extinction from the host after colonisation.
Prior to study analyses, a comparison of the study population missing specific data elements versus those not missing each element was conducted, and analyses of patients with missing versus non-missing data showed no systematic differences.
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