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An assay based on recombinant viruses produced by co-infection of HEK-293 cells with a cloned env gp160 gene and an HIV-1 env vector expressing luciferase allowed the comparison of plasmid and culture supernatant derived virus populations (laboratory 4A and and 4B, respectively in Figure 1).
The transposition rate estimated from several natural populations, laboratory strains and for several types of elements is about 10-4 transpositions/copy/generation.
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African studies with well-defined study populations, laboratory-based reporting on GAS isolates and recorded prevalence will be included.
The eco-morphological differentiation was of the same pattern and direction, though to a lesser extent, as we found in the wild populations; laboratory-reared gold individuals had a larger head and sturdier pharyngeal jaws than their dark morph sibs (Fig. 3).
Due to initial and recurrent inbreeding and the lack of an interbreeding population, laboratory strains violate most population genetic models used to infer selection.
In order to secure no presence of C. botulinum in the starting population, laboratory hatched A. vulgaris were used in the experiment.
Modeling can be used as a population laboratory to estimate the impact of changing a number of these contributing factors alone or in combination.
The EIP's CDI surveillance is active population laboratory-based surveillance in selected counties in 10 US states [ 46].
These and many other cohort and existing databases should be considered population laboratories that provide an opportunity for basic, clinical, and population science colleagues to propose new, cutting-edge science.
In addition, information from sample registration systems, population laboratories and epidemiological analyses of specific conditions have been used to improve estimates of the cause of death patterns [ 6, 8, 9].
As such, they are well positioned to seek research grants, technology investments by the private sector, and support from other sources interested in utilizing these established regional population laboratories as models for further development and study.
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