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Our goal therefore was to build a combined Moorean/Tahitian phylogeny that incorporated extant wild populations, extant captive populations and historical museum samples, the latter collected by J.B. Burch in 1970, prior to the introduction of Euglandina rosea.
Within this group, more seedlings were recorded from soil cores taken from populations extant for 5 years compared with those extant for 1 year but the difference was not significant (5 years old, 171·67 ± 54·76 seeds/m; 1 year old, 110·42 ± 86·19 seeds/m; F1,8 = 0·36, P = 0·56), with a pooled average of 141·04 ± 49·21 seeds/m (Fig. 4).
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The results of the microsatellite analyses showed mixed levels of population differentiation among extant populations of T. tambroides (FST: 0.0011 to 0.6494, genetic distances: 0.2% to 17.1%).
By exploiting the properties of Kolmogorov ecological systems it is possible to design particular properties, such as the property that all populations remain extant, into an ecological model.
It is also possible that these data simply reflect more traditional founder effects, particularly if effective founding populations among extant animals were lower than previously appreciated.
At time τ2(K–1), ancestral population A2(K–1) splits into extant population E1 and ancestral population A2(K–1)–1, a newly founded population during the time in which it experiences a small size prior to expansion.
For the purposes of this study, the 3D molar microwear of 78 individuals from a well-known population of extant roe deer (Capreolus caprelous) is quantified.
As the population declined, extant habitats previously occupied by X. laevis were not re-colonised in the valley.
Authors' response: We agree, and addressed it the original manuscript by fit criterion 3), "the population remained extant after 300 years in each of the 100 runs".
At time τ2(K–2), ancestral population A2(K–2) splits to form extant population E2 and ancestral population A2(K–2)–1, the next founded population during its bottleneck phase.
Thus, only strong positive selection or differences in population structure between the PWC population and the population ancestral to the extant Swedish population would explain the discrepancy between the extant and the prehistoric data.
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