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The predominant lack of (overall and population specific) local adaptation cannot be interpreted as a lack of coevolutionary responses of the parasites.
One potential source could be population specific local mQTLs, such as described in previous studies [ 18, 19], causing underlying ethnic differences in DNA methylation independently of smoking exposure.
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In detail we had the following objectives: First of all, we determined whether coevolution actually leads to global and/or population-specific local adaptation patterns by performing a fully reciprocal cross infection experiment.
Several of the first eQTL studies established that in LCLs at least 15%% of transcripts are differentially expressed among the three major population groups represented in the HapMap samples (Yoruban Africans, Caucasians, and Han or Japanese East Asians), and, correspondingly, population-specific local eQTLs were identified [ 96, 97].
In a controlled laboratory study using the F1 generation of a copepod species (Labidocera aestiva), the production of dormant eggs was population specific, suggesting local adaptation of developmental mode to the length of the growing season, which is covarying with temperature (Marcus 1984).
One cannot exclude a phenotype versatility of all these progenitor populations upon specific local stimuli.
Overall, the analyses employed here have underscored the importance of learning more about the broader needs and utilization patterns of older populations within specific local service contexts.
The low dispersal capacity of sand flies could lead to population isolation due to geographic barriers, climate variation, or to population fragmentation associated with specific local habitats due to landscape modification.
Generally, the results from BAPS and BAYESASS provided a similar overview of the asymmetric dispersal patterns within the River Teno: (i) tributaries were surprisingly isolated from the mainstem and headwater populations; (ii) while among MS+HW migration rates appeared higher; and (iii) immigration to specific local populations was intermittent.
However, the normal values provided by manufacturers may not be fully representative of specific local populations.
The common alleles at THERM QTL discovered in this study represent the natural variation in specific local populations (Platt et al. 2010).
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