Sentence examples for population quantities from inspiring English sources

It refers to population quantities, rather than sample quantities, which are assumed to be identical across groups or measurement conditions (Rupp & Zumbo, 2004).2 Parameter invariance is not exclusively found on IRT models.

In summary, a constant variance estimator for (hat {beta }_{textit {EPL}}) can be obtained by replacing the population quantities in the asymptotic covariance matrix Σ(β 0) with their corresponding sample averages as in Zhou and Wang (2000).

Such methods can be prone to selection bias, and standard design-based methods of inference cannot be used to ensure approximately unbiased estimators of population quantities or to provide associated measures of precision.

Once the model parameters are estimated, we can use the estimated model, ( widehat{boldsymbol{Y}} = boldsymbol{X}widehat{boldsymbol{beta}} ), for predicting the population quantities of interest based on the auxiliary data; in standard cases these are assumed available for all population elements.

The high-throughput measurements can then be translated via calibration into the ambit of single-cell measurements and via the fixed parameter model into cell population quantities.

For a continuous outcome, the fit from a linear regression mixed model and GEE estimate the same population quantities (regression coefficients), but for a binary outcome a logistic regression mixed model and GEE estimate different quantities [ 1].

Our objective typically is to predict a random population quantity, e.g., the mean or the total, following the selection of a sample for estimating the model parameters.

Design-based estimation for a finite population quantity refers to an estimation approach where the randomness is introduced by the sampling design.

Single inoculation of R.i had good performance in plant height, soil moisture, and soil microbe population quantity; while single inoculation of F.m had good performance in soil available phosphorus concentration and soil fungi quantity.

After having selected a sample – that need not be random – for estimating the model parameters, we apply the fitted model for predicting the target population quantity or estimating the expected value of this quantity.

Consequently, the usual estimators will be biased for the finite population quantity [ 23, 24].