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The outline of the procedure is as follows: (i) The initial population of tree topologies is generated by applying the NJ method [ 51] to alignments generated by the bootstrap resampling.
Most of the previous work found that extra-pair paternity is low in insular populations [ 12, 51, 78], although some exceptions have been reported [ 79- 81], with as much as 55% of extra-pair chicks reported for an insular population of tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) [ 75].
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At best it may have left us with a population of trees at risk from blow-in infection from Europe, forever on the brink of a disaster waiting to happen.
Initially a random set (or population) of trees (or programs) is created and executed recursively following chosen instructions.
Nevertheless, to limit bias it is essential that the model is well specified (e.g. Hansen et al. 1983) and captures the spatial variation presented by the population of trees in a Planning Unit.
Eucalyptus in E50A50, despite having half of the population of trees (555 trees ha−1), accumulated the same amount of nutrients in total aboveground biomass in relation to E100, suggesting a lower nutrient limitation to the growth of Eucalyptus in this mixed stand.
In addition to carefully selecting an appropriate tree distance metric, the population of trees from which random samples are drawn also needs to be defined.
Moreover, for the same population of trees, there exist different sampling distributions (e.g., each tree is equally likely [ Simberloff et al. 1981] or each branching point is equally likely when growing the tree [ Harding 1971; Lapointe and Legendre 1995]).
Six specimens from each of the two 'Ni status classes' were randomly chosen for study from a population of trees, based on expression of visual symptoms of Ni deficiency occurring at the time of spring bud break.
A second-generation apple microarray representing 26,000 transcripts was developed and was used to test these correlations in an orchard-grown population of trees segregating for fire blight resistance.
Our model results support a growing appreciation that near-future climate change, even under modest increases in greenhouse gas emissions, will likely result in a substantial upslope shifts of the climate space required by current populations of tree species.
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