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Exact(35)
It's not clear, however, that population membership is the sort of thing that can properly be called a cause.
In the case of using the information, it is assumed that sampling location is usually connected to population membership, detecting immigrants through that assumption.
However, in reality, the information on population membership is usually unavailable and needs to be inferred using the PCA or other methods such as STRUCTURE.
Statistical haplotype comparisons determined that there is statistically significant association between haplotypes and population membership between populations one and two, corresponding with the Poland/Russia/UK group and the Canadian Indian/Jewish group (Table 2).
On the worldwide population HGDP panel, the proposed sparse Laplacian approach not only outperforms the PCA approach on the population membership prediction, the set of selected markers is strikingly less redundant than that by PCA.
In the case of population membership prediction for the same number of subpopulations instead of continents or other large geographic regions, the difficulty level drops as the variation of each subpopulation generally is much smaller than that of a continent.
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If the population memberships of the samples are known, estimation of the variance-covariance parameters is straightforward.
Our proposed method can also be used in candidate gene association studies or replication studies as long as the population memberships are known and a trend test is preferred.
Therefore, implementation of the proposed method becomes trivial, whence the samples' population memberships are known (either self-reported or identified using the Eigenstrat method or any other methods, such as STRUCTURE).
We compared phenotypic data for ear row number, caryopsis structure, growth habit and flowering time with the population memberships (Table 1).
Logistic regressions showed that populations' membership to local cluster sharply decreased with the increase of stocking intensity (Fig. 3C,D).
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