This adversely affected the financial protection for the entire population: OOP expenditure increased for all types of services (Table 9) and catastrophic health expenditure increased for all population groups, including the MIP beneficiaries (Table 11).
Calculated by population, public expenditure was allocated most to young women and women from the highest socioeconomic position.
This will require an extended and concerted effort and considerable resources, but given the damage that male alcohol consumption is doing to the Russian economy as well as to the health and wellbeing of its population, such expenditure would probably be more than repaid.
The study suggests that population healthcare expenditures could be reduced if sleep interventions can be provided cost-effectively.
The literature highlights six cost drivers of drug expenditure; population growth, population aging, general inflation, price effects, volume effects and mix of drugs [ 7].
The research activity was correlated with the socioeconomic factors population, GDP, health expenditure and public expenditure on education by calculating the following indexes: cumulative IF/population (in millions), cumulative IF/GDP (in current billions US$), cumulative IF/health expenditure (in current billions US$) and cumulative IF/public education expenditure (in current billions US$).
The age-expenditure profile shows that higher costs are spent on the older population, for example, expenditure on healthcare for those aged 65 years and older was four times higher than those under 65 years [ 2, 5].
"Reviewing Criminal Justice" (editorial, March 30) discusses concerns about the national upward trend in prison population and prison expenditure, citing a Pew Charitable Trusts report.
One study showed that workers in foreign-owned and subcontracting clothing and footwear factories in Vietnam rank in the top 20% of the country's population by household expenditure.
