When raccoon rabies reached Hunterdon and Warren counties in New Jersey, PEP cost was $1,100 per 100,000 population (pre-epizootic period), and by 1990 the cost was $74,734 per100,0000 population (epizootic period) [ 21].
The diversity between and within carcass locations in this report concur with previous reports of SNR genotypes appearing spatially and temporally dispersed in another large (multiple population) epizootic [ 29] and of multiple SNR types within intensively sampled carcass sites [ 30].
Despite over a century of research, we lack a clear understanding of how Y. pestis is able to rapidly disseminate in host populations during epizootics or how it persists during interepizootic periods (2 – 6 ).
*PP, pneumonia-affected animal from epizootic population; OR, Oregon; WA, Washington; MT, Montana NAA, not applicable; NV, Nevada; SD, South Dakota; HP, healthy animal from epizootic population; HH, unaffected animal from non-epizootic population; 0, not detected; 1, detected; NT, not tested because of Proteus overgrowth.
Craugastor fitzingeri and A. callidryas are naturally infected with Bd, generally at low infection intensities (Puschendorf et al. 2006; García-Roa et al. 2014; Rebollar et al. 2014), and have not experienced Bd-induced population declines despite epizootic outbreaks of the pathogen in Central America (Puschendorf et al. 2006; Crawford et al. 2010).
†Pneumonic, populations with confirmed epizootic pneumonia restricted to lambs (Spring Creek and Hells Canyon) or not age restricted (all other pneumonic populations); healthy, populations with no evidence of epizootic pneumonia.
Our analysis confirms that the RABV strains that infected the kudu population during both epizootics was of the canid biotype.
A disrupted agricultural environment, deserted homes, and unprotected food stores in Kosovo in spring 1999 likely resulted in a rapid increase in rodent populations favorable for epizootic spread of tularemia in rodents and consequent widespread environmental contamination with F. tularensis.
The frequency of M. ovipneumoniae and P. multocida detection in non pneumonia-affected anon pneumonia-affectedzootic populanimalswas intermediate, significulled lower than that in pneumonia-afromtepizootics (populations
For other agents, however, we found evidence that their introduction into an animal population could cause an epizootic that would then place additional human populations at risk.
With its plumage color dimorphism and unique history in North America, including a recent population expansion and an epizootic of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG), the house finch (Haemorhous mexicanus) is a model species for studying sexual selection, plumage coloration and host-parasite interactions.
