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The values linked to population elements are random variables.
Thus, in the standard case, auxiliary data are available for all population elements.
Therefore, the probability of all population elements belong to the same sample is unknown.
The values that are linked to the population elements are fixed.
The subjects were selected through a non probabilist approach by convenience, so that the probability of all population elements belong to the same sample is unknown.
The estimates are random variables due to the random selection of samples, i.e., the estimators produce different values depending on which population elements are included in the sample.
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We assume a finite population model, where the population element is the land associated with each 230-meter pixel.
We consider the set of meadows as a metapopulation system where each population is a meadow and each population element is an n-dimensional vector representing an equiprobable gamete of that meadow, where n is the number of loci.
Turning to the mean square error of the predictor in Eq. (6) we need to acknowledge that uncertainty is introduced both by the estimation of the model parameters and by the random residual terms linked to each population element.
where s is the sample of auxiliary data, π i is the probability of including population element i into the auxiliary data sample, π is an n-length column vector of (1/π i ) – values, and X is an n × p matrix of sampled auxiliary data.
Given that peach is not openly cultivated in the UK, recent asexual populations appear to mostly develop from successive waves of colonising clones [ 9]. Surprisingly, unlike the rest of the European populations, elements of the UK population were most like the Australasian population.
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