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In nearly all cases, these cities witnessed an unprecedented wave of population diversification, fuelled by immigration and mobile talent.
Also, this probability should be decreased to maintain the population diversification when the standard deviation of the population fitness changes is increased.
As geological weathering processes have occurred continuously throughout the Sino-Vietnamese limestone karsts, population diversification likely would have resulted in steady accumulation of species (Kozak et al.2006; Comes et al.2008; Hughes and Hollingsworth2008).
One mechanism for population diversification is bet-hedging.
Our results provide insights into the evolution of reproductive mode and population diversification in Triops.
However, the impact and the molecular basis of population diversification occurring in Pseudoalteromonas biofilms are poorly understood.
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We hypothesized that a local gangfisch population shows subtle within-population diversification into distinct benthic and pelagic phenotypes.
However, studies of genetic basis of within-population diversification of Pseudoalteromonas and the ecological consequences of diversification have been very limited, mainly due to the difficulty of genetic manipulation of bacteria within this genus.
Studies of commensal and pathogenic bacteria have shown that within-population diversification, especially diversification that occurs during biofilm formation, can help explain the adaptive strategies used by bacteria to cope with heterogeneous environments (Devries and Ohman 1994; Moyano et al. 2007; Rice et al. 2009; Webb et al. 2004).
Moreover, variants isolated from laboratory-cultured biofilms formed by pathogenic bacteria share similar mutations to those found in clinical isolates during infection (D'Argenio et al. 2007; Drenkard and Ausubel 2002; Woo et al. 2012), suggesting that similar within-population diversification may also occur for marine bacteria living in their marine habitats.
Phenomena of rapid unification of initially diversified populations and diversification of initially homogeneous populations followed by a movement of a cluster-like population towards the neighborhood of an optimum, observed previously for two-element populations, were confirmed.
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