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Population divergence of Neandertals and modern humans.
Because gene divergence before populations actually separate, this estimate also puts the population divergence of Neanderthal and modern human ancestors between 270,000 and 440,000 years ago (Green et al. 2010).
The major population divergence of clade 2.3.2 virus was closely related to the beginning of vaccine use in China.
Therefore, understanding the factors involved in population divergence of mate choice has far reaching implications to many fields including animal behavior and evolutionary biology.
In addition to mediating the population divergence of M. pilosus, we hypothesized that the Pleistocene climate changes also affected population expansion events.
Together, this shows sensory systems vary considerably across populations and supports the possibility that sensory system variation is involved in population divergence of mate preference.
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Therefore parallel trends in candidate loci between similar ecotypes would likely be restricted to hitchhiker loci very tightly linked to the actual loci under selection and/or parallel population divergences of recent, shared evolutionary origins.
Unfortunately, it is not possible to infer the refuge location for Clade B. Overall, our results indicate that population divergences of M. pilosus were related to the Pleistocene climatic changes.
Comparisons of population divergence for different sets of loci are useful for identifying loci under directional selection [ 44], although the large confidence intervals which sometimes overlap zero can make it difficult to infer stabilizing selection with this approach [ 81].
Between-population divergence of the Pvama1 data presented here and previously published Pvama1 data for Domain I (DI) from global sites [15], [33], [34], [35] was determined using the θ-estimator of Wright's fixation index (FST) to determine the relative contribution of the differences observed between each population to the overall diversity seen using Arlequin v.3.11 software [36].
The functional basis for the inter-population divergence of the other genes is unknown, however there was an over-representation of genes involved in proteolysis, carbohydrate metabolism and sensory perception (both vision and olfaction).
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