Population disjunctions, such as vicariant events and limitations to dispersal, are important first steps towards allopatric speciation [ 60].
Eight of these populations had varying degrees of geographic disjunction from their nearest population and nearest large population (Table 1, Fig. 1), and were treated as independent entities (populations) to test pollen dispersal and immigration.
This may reflect a compounding effect of a significant positive association between geographic disjunction and population size in this species, or alternatively may indicate that geographic distances between disjunct populations are not large enough to have a significant impact on the behaviour of insect pollinators.
This was supported by a previous study which found a genetic disjunction between populations from the Malay Peninsula and Japan [ 41].
Pollen immigration is typically expected to decrease with increasing geographic disjunction and as populations become smaller and less dense (Aguilar et al., 2006; Leimu et al., 2006).
Aside from the morphological disjunction identified between puna populations and the rest of populations, the lack of consistent and strong morphological differentiation across environments, and wide geographic range of A. mollis suggest that additional mechanisms of diversification in tropical systems may deserve more attention than they have received.
Thus, Wolbachia mediated incompatibilities between populations can contribute to the genetic disjunction we observe in Gff as a result of CI mediated effects.
These differences in their call variability reflect their contrasting spatial distribution, with strong disjunction in the highland Z. poliogaster populations and large and interconnected populations in Z. abyssinicus.
The natural distribution of A. scopulorum is characterized by a disjunction between northwestern and eastern populations.
reniforme clear and deduce mechanisms of the intercontinental disjunction, we have analysed 7 populations consisting of almost 96 individuals of A. reniforme var.
Population parameters, including size and degree of geographic disjunction, were not useful predictors of pollen dispersal or components of the mating system.
