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For validation of the population-averaged metabolite correction, patients who were used to define this population average were not included in the comparison between individual and population corrections.
Indeed, we provide simulation results for stratified simple random sampling showing that the use of design bootstrap weights may lead to substantial underestimation of the total variance, even when finite population corrections are ignored.
Hence, in order to obtain unbiased population inference and correct estimates of their sampling variance it is necessary to take into account survey weights, stratification, multi-stage-sampling, and finite population corrections (PSU-stage).
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Standard errors were corrected using the finite population correction factor, since sample size approached population size, n → N. The cost of achieving the Healthy People 2010 goal for each sampled IIS was calculated using parameters retrieved from the average cost estimation, discounting at a rate of 3%.
(b) Fixed point population correction.
It is anticipated that the finite population correction would not affect our results because of large sample sizes in NAEP.
Standard errors in the regression analysis were adjusted for the finite population correction (69 out of 105 EDs in The Netherlands).
The finite population correction factor ( left 1-frac{m_1}{M}right) ) was eleft 1-frac{m_1}{ M}right very small relative to M, wasch was unknown.
The software does not employ a finite population correction that is typically used when the sampling is without replacement, as in NAEP this is a possible area of future research.
Finally, a finite population correction factor [35], [36] was applied to account for the large sample (40% of the villages in the sampling frame).
Since our study represents a large proportion of the target population of deans of all SOMs and SPHs, p-values for all statistical analyses are adjusted using a finite population correction.
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