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Chiswick et al. (2000) found similar results for Bolivia, and they conclude that "Bilingual speakers may be penalized in the labor market because of a poorer proficiency in Spanish" (see Chiswick et al. 2000, p. 365).
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However, poor proficiency in the English language and lack of computer skills may limit their academic and career opportunities.
For example, a questionnaire may collect data regarding the use of hired help (an indirect cause), but the more direct cause of mastitis might really be a poor proficiency in milking technique and motivation to follow proper procedures.
Several factors such as lack of knowledge or information of the western healthcare system, poor language proficiency and poor communication applied to women of various ethnic origins.
Citizenship status has not previously been shown to be a determinant of mammography use; it may be related to predictors of mammography use found in other studies such as poorer language proficiency, decreased acculturation, and foreign birth [ 17- 19, 22, 24- 27, 29- 31], although language, education, and birthplace did not emerge as being particularly salient predictors in our study.
Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by poor motor proficiency that interferes with a child's activities of daily living.
The research, which reveals a correlation between the use of SMS-abbreviations and poor grammar proficiency, comes as bitter sweet vindication for modern teachers who have to waste time decrypting the odd new language of teenagers.
Columns (5) and (6) address the possibility that poor Spanish proficiency leads to the earnings gap between Mestizo and Indigenous workers, as suggested by Chiswick et al. (2000).
This is not unexpected as graduate students with poor Korean proficiency were required to take more credit hours to increase their Korean language skills.
For example, an international student with poor English proficiency may only take two courses and yet still maintain a high GPA.
As a guide for prediction, predicted scores less 96 (i.e. 2 standard deviations below the mean of the younger group) would signify poor driving proficiency and greater than 110 (median of the younger group) would signify good driving proficiency.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com