Available community-based studies, which generally have superior diagnostic classification but poorer quality exposure assessment than in the occupational cohort mortality studies, provide no support for etiologic associations of formaldehyde with any of the LHM.
It should be noted, however, that these tools cannot overcome the numerous issues inherent with small-area spatial epidemiology, nor can meaningful output be produced with poor-quality exposure, health, or population data.
Poor quality of exposure estimates may lead to exposure misclassification and underestimation of exposure response relationships in epidemiological studies (Armstrong 1998).
It is likely that breastfeeding during early life is protective and that stunting becomes more likely as the child becomes more dependent on foods that are of poor quality and exposure to non-food factors including infections.
We believe the quality of exposure data is better than in most other studies which have found a relation between traffic and wheeze, we therefore see it as unlikely that poor quality of exposure data would be the cause of the negative findings in our study.
Effective policies and measures reduce exposure and dose, both by improving environmental quality and by identifying populations from areas with poor quality of life and high exposure to pollution [ 51, 52].
Veterans experience physical health problems associated with disability and poor quality of life following combat exposure (CE).
This poses the risks of permanent damage of women's reproductive system hence high exposure to poor quality of life.
The poor quality of traditional assessments of exposure has encouraged epidemiologists to explore biological monitoring in studies of chronic diseases.
However, they were equally deemed to impact on participants' time and workload because of their increased exposure to poor quality news reporting and their lack of confidence in judging how to make sense of these news reports.
Indoor living also leads to higher exposure to indoor allergens and exposures that exist in poor quality housing.
