Lack of knowledge of the western healthcare system and poor language proficiency were the most frequently reported impeding factors.
Poor language proficiency has previously been reported to be an explanatory factor for non-western women's prenatal care entry [ 14].
Several factors such as lack of knowledge or information of the western healthcare system, poor language proficiency and poor communication applied to women of various ethnic origins.
Poor language proficiency was another cultural characteristic described as an impeding factor for prenatal care [ 20, 22, 24, 27, 30, 31] and prenatal classes [ 26].
This result may be a consequence of poor language proficiency which, as already highlighted by [ 8], is a huge barrier to PNC use.
While, support from family and friends and a social network may mitigate the adverse impacts of immigration-related stressors, such as unemployment and poor language proficiency [ 25].
Citizenship status has not previously been shown to be a determinant of mammography use; it may be related to predictors of mammography use found in other studies such as poorer language proficiency, decreased acculturation, and foreign birth [ 17- 19, 22, 24- 27, 29- 31], although language, education, and birthplace did not emerge as being particularly salient predictors in our study.
Additionally, poor post-migration socio-economic situation (unemployment, low income, poor host language proficiency, and lack of social support) was particularly associated with depression, whilst female gender was associated with unspecified anxiety, but not with PTSD.
When considered together, poor socio-economic factors after migration (unemployment, low income, poor host language proficiency, and lack of social support) were positively associated with depression (60 100%% of studies; [ 11, 15, 47, 51, 52, 54, 60, 63, 65, 68]).
The impact of poor post-migration socio-economic situation, such as unemployment, financial stress, poor host language proficiency and lack of social support, was particularly evident for depression.
Moreover, their poor English language proficiency could further hinder their usage of New Zealand's online banking system.
