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Mortgage-backed securities are created from pools of mortgage loans with similar interest rates.
The assets to be sold include servicing rights and interest in seven trusts with titles to pools of mortgage loans.
Investment banks earned billions of pounds in the run-up to the financial crisis by buying pools of mortgage, car and credit card loans and then packaging them up to re-sell them for a fee.
But these days, trying to value certain subprime securities or the more complicated collateralized debt obligations, or C.D.O.'s, which are pools of mortgage securities, is difficult as well.
The Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation, commonly known as Freddie Mac, operates mainly by purchasing mortgages from lenders, repackaging them as mortgage-backed securities (securities collateralized by cash flows from pools of mortgage loans), and selling the securities to investors with a guarantee of timely payment of principal and interest, whether or not the original borrowers pay.
To attract new investors to the secondary mortgage market, in 1981 Fannie Mae began selling mortgage-backed securities (securities collateralized by cash flows from pools of mortgage loans) with a guarantee of timely payment of principal and interest, whether or not the original borrowers paid.
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The bank's exposure to those pools of mortgage-backed debt resulted in a $118 million write-down in the latest quarter, or $200 million pretax.
CDOs (securitisations of securitisations, which are instruments based on pools of mortgage-backed securities) and SIVs (which issue shorter-term debt than for most CDOs) caused big problems because they were very opaque and particularly susceptible to correlation and liquidity risk.Fortunately, life need not be so complicated.
In addition, the Treasury Department will create a so-called Secured Lending Credit Facility, a backup source of borrowing for the companies in the event that they cannot borrow enough money on the open market to finance their main business of buying mortgages and reselling them as pools of mortgage-backed securities.
That may explain why, even as everyone concedes that the subprime or low-grade mortgage market has fallen into the sea, the vast pools of mortgage-backed securities built in part on those risky mortgage loans still appear to be on solid ground.
Famous for saying that "mortgages are math", Ranieri created collateralised pools of mortgages.
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