Pooled RRs for the effect of daily dose were estimated for eight different NSAIDs.
We estimated pooled RRs for those individual NSAIDs that had effect estimates reported in at least three different studies.
Data from the studies included in the meta-analysis were insufficient to estimate pooled RRs for the duration of use of individual NSAIDs and for the concurrent use of gastroprotective agents.
No significant benefit was observed for RCTs with 400 IU/d vitamin D (2 RCTs with 3722 persons; pooled RR for hip fracture, 1.15; 95% CI, 0.88-1.50; and pooled RR for any nonvertebral fracture, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.86-1.24).
We observed positive associations between breast cancer incidence and urbanization (Pooled RR for urban vs. rural: 1.09.
Meta-analysis of 31 studies with incident AD yielded pooled RR for low education (RR = 1.99; 95% CI: 1.30-3.04), Hcyh Hcy (RR = 1.93; 95% CI: 1.50-2.49), and current/ever smoking status (RR = 1.37; 95% CI: 1.23-1.52) whindicatingting protective effects of higher physical activity and n-3 fatty acids.
Conversely, the inverse association in postmenopausal women was stronger among those at the age of 60 years and older (pooled RR for childhood body fatness level ⩾5 vs level 1=0.67, 95% CI: 0.39 1.16) than in those younger than the age of 60 years (comparable RR=1.63, 95% CI: 0.73 3.66).
When we jointly stratified by age and menopausal status, the positive association between childhood body fatness and ovarian cancer risk appeared stronger in premenopausal women under the age of 45 years (pooled RR for childhood body fatness level ⩾5 vs level 1=2.51, 95% CI: 0.94 6.73) than in those at the age of 45 years and older (comparable RR=0.83, 95% CI: 0.30 2.28).
Pooled RRs from studies providing results for patients without a history of UGIC were similar to those from the overall analysis except for naproxen (more than 10% change), 3.10 (95% CI 2.45, 3.91) and diclofenac, 3.76 (95% CI 2.71, 5.21).
As a way to assess the quality of the prospective studies included in the meta-analysis, we calculated pooled RRs of studies with adjustment for potential confounders, such as BMI and physical activity.
