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NEW ORLEANS — With BP's agreement on Thursday to plead guilty to 14 criminal charges and pay $4.5 billion in fines and other payments in connection with its 2010 oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, Gulf Coast politicians are now eyeing a much bigger potential windfall from the company: $20 billion or more in civil pollution penalties for the spill.
Now VW has agreed to one of the largest pollution penalties in history -- whose hidden underside is that the engineers are still failing.
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The settlement – the biggest pollution penalty in US history – was reached after a federal court found the company guilty of gross negligence.
We show that the optimal pollution penalty is comprised of two parts: (i) a Pigouvian tax, adjusted for state-to-state spillovers; and (ii) an optimal tariff designed to improve the terms of trade in permits.
Payments for pollution-related penalties typically must be used for environmental purposes.
She said the bill needs to be passed because otherwise, under the Oil Pollution Act, the penalty money will go into a general fund.
In just the past week, China introduced a new air pollution law with strengthened penalties for polluters and increased rewards for whistleblowers, and also enacted a three-year ban on approvals for new coal mines.
That taxing power has long been used to deter damaging economic behavior and account for costly externalities from excise taxes on smoking to tax penalties for pollution.
We are pleased to have such an innovative leader at the helm of EPA, and we hope to work with her on continued efforts to prioritize the use of alternatives to animals in toxicity testing, to ensure strong penalties for pollution from factory farms and dismantle the Bush Administration's corporate giveaway that exempts them from having to report their massive toxic emissions.
The Ukrainians are trying to close a nearby Russian navigation station and are threatening penalties over supposed pollution from Russian vessels off Sevastopol, which is on the south of the Crimean Peninsula.
The real question is, will it catalyze billions of dollars of investment, or trillions?" Perhaps the only marketplace signals that would be strong enough to catalyze that level of investment would be eliminating oil and gas subsidies and implementing penalties on CO2 pollution.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com