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In terms of the global burden of all diseases attributable to air pollution, lung cancer accounts for less than 7% of the 3.22 million estimated deaths.
All other tested factors (sex, smoking and asthma status) showed no or only weak evidence for modification of the air pollution lung function associations (NO2: supplementary table S8).
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These observations, combined with the apparently stronger association of air pollution with lung adenocarcinoma than with lung squamous cell carcinoma in the ESCAPE study, calls for further studies of air pollution and histological subtypes of lung cancer.
Mutations in air pollution related lung cancers were three times as high as lung cancer from the CR cases and 70 genes were associated with subjects' lifetime benzo(a pyrene exposure.
In a cohort study of the effect of air pollution on lung development, Gauderman et al. (2004) found that air pollutants had no effect on growth of lung function among those who had ever smoked.
Whereas a large number of studies show negative association between ambient exposure to traffic-related pollution and lung function in children and in adults, few studies found an association between indoor PM and lung function [ 1, 24].
The World Health Organisation said last autumn that particulate pollution causes lung cancer.
"Long-term exposure to air pollution suppresses lung function and leads to vulnerability through life.
It said that there is "sufficient evidence" that expose to air pollution causes lung cancer and that exposure has increased significantly in "rapidly industrial countries with large populations".
Since pollution exacerbates lung and cardiovascular disease, the mayor said, the city estimates that the reduction in pollution is preventing 800 deaths and 2,000 emergency room visits and hospitalizations each year.
Unfortunately for the long-suffering residents of Beijing, officials will have a harder time refuting this week's assertion, by the cancer-research arm of the World Health Organisation, that air pollution causes lung cancer.(Photo credit: AFP/Goh Chai Hin).
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