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Zhang, X., L. Ortolano, and Z. Lv, 2010, "Agency Empowerment through the Administrative Litigation Law Court Enforcementt of Pollution Levies in Hubei Province, China," The China Quarterly, No. 202, pp. 307-326.
It is widely argued by many environmentalist and renowned economists that pollution levies are an efficient instrument for environmental objectives (Baumol and Oates 1988).
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The evaluation showed that in key regions, both pollution levy programs 8 and 10 CNY/kg SO2 (with the only penalty of concentration) could drive total emission amount close to regulatory targets.
A method of internalization of external costs and benefits, which are quantified by a tax levied on the environmental pollution of energy production, is presented.
But the judge said that Transocean, the world's largest offshore drilling contractor, would be subject to any pollution fines levied under the federal Clean Water Act, and its share of punitive damages, if any were assessed.
For example, the pollution tax levied on carbon dioxide emission is a powerful policy mechanism that can address market failures in energy industry (Wu et al. 2006).
Forty-six percent said they strongly support levying pollution fees on "companies that emit high levels of greenhouse gases". .
It is showed that governments' energy-saving products subsidies stimulate reduction of carbon emissions and energy consumption, but this is not always true for carbon taxes, government should levy carbon taxes against manufacturers according to their pollution levels.
Labor prime minister Julia Gillard plans to announce the level of tax to be levied on pollution on Sunday 10 July.
Alternatively, charges may be levied for pollution by imposing an "effluent charge".
Proposed transfers are a polynomial function of the difference between actual and desired pollution levels; moreover, they are designed so that in MPE no tax or subsidy is ever levied.
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