Craig Bennett, the director of the Coast Guard's National Pollution Funds Center, said that as of Wednesday morning, BP had received 6,414 claims, mostly from fishermen for lost wages and damage to their boats.
Gradient has published 37 articles on different aspects of air pollution, funded by the American Petroleum Institute, Navistar and the International Carbon Black Association, whose members are subject to clean-air regulations.
These insurance premiums are supplemented by smaller contributions from co-payments, alcohol and tobacco taxes and lottery revenues, and recompense from national environmental pollution funds and automobile insurance.
Spot checks used to take place in the UK but were stopped in 2011, with the government saying they had unearthed only two problems in a decade and that anti-pollution funding was better spent elsewhere.
This bucket of money is meant to be filled by nations already wealthy on centuries of greenhouse gas pollution, to fund low-carbon economy investments in India, Brazil, South Africa and other developing economies.
Observers said there was little movement on the key issues of new curbs on greenhouse gas pollution and funds to help poorer nations cope with global warming.
By contrast, liability from tanker spills is covered by two 1992 conventions, one dealing with civil liability and the other with an oil-pollution compensation fund, he said in an e-mail message.
The pollution reduction funding will be used by states and tribes to slash emissions from highly polluting diesel vehicles and improve air quality in communities across the country.
Officials said the program, to which the city has directed an additional $1.8 million in federal pollution-reduction funds, was especially needed because of a huge increase in ferry ridership since the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attack.
