We identified six stresses to estuaries in the region: habitat alteration, nutrients, sediment, pollution, alteration of freshwater input, and climate change.
Our results suggest that genetic risk for T2D may modify susceptibility to air pollution through alterations in insulin sensitivity.
Thus, emerging evidence suggests a link between air pollution exposures, alterations in DNA methylation levels, and downstream health outcomes.
Social stressors may lead to poor health outcomes directly or may increase susceptibility to physical exposures, such as air pollution, through alterations in immune function and biological systems (McEwen and Seeman 1999).
Overfishing, pollution, and alteration of the environment are the chief enemies of proper fisheries management, both in fresh waters and in the ocean.
Noteworthy exceptions are studies of pollution-caused alterations of sex hormones in alligators of Florida's Lake Apopka and effects of organic contaminants on snapping turtles around the Great Lakes.
Nearshore meroplankton may be more susceptible to human impacts than offshore zooplankton and ichthyoplankton, due to land-based sources of pollution and alteration of the shoreline and nearshore habitat where the benthic phases of these taxa reside.
As a result, natural environmental filters were stronger drivers of the functional diversity of communities than human-induced stressors (e.g. water pollution and hydromorphological alterations).
Similarly, many perceived threats to otters, such as pollution and habitat alterations, have not been rigorously evaluated.
Mid-Atlantic estuarine fisheries have severely declined from habitat alterations, pollution and overfishing [1], [2], [3].
