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To date, few population exposure assessments have incorporated multiple sources of data, specifically satellite pollutant estimates, LUR modeling of geographic characteristics, and information on proximity and pollution gradients, to estimate local-scale air pollution concentrations at a national scale.
Census tract-level pollutant estimates were obtained from the United States Environmental Protection Agency.
These include potential exposure misclassification of pollutant estimates, which could affect precision and potential bias effect size [ 45].
Although we scaled the pollutant estimates to an IQR increase in pollutant concentration, the range of pollutant concentrations extends well beyond the IQR.
We estimated total NOx and PM2.5 concentrations by combining regional background levels, chemically reactive pollutant estimates from the CMAQ Community Multiscale Air Qualityy) model, and the AERMOD estimates.
Importantly, the resolutions of pollutant estimates from dispersion models over large geographical areas are typically restricted, for example, to 1 or 3 km (Jerrett et al. 2005).
Generally, LUR-based traffic-related pollutant estimates showed the strongest association with autism in children of the least educated mothers, compared with mothers in the highest educational stratum (Table 4).
For this reason, barometric pressure should always be considered in studies of air pollution and cardiorespiratory hospitalization/mortality to evaluate whether there is confounding or effect modification of the air pollutant estimates.
Spatial patterns of estimated attributable IHD mortality rates varied by pollutant: estimated mortality due to increased PM2.5 and NOx were greater in high- than in low-walkability neighborhoods, whereas estimated IHD mortality due to increased O3 was greater in low- than in high-walkability neighborhoods.
All the studies based on pollutant estimates tended to show an association with leukemia, except the Danish study (Raaschou-Nielsen et al. 2001), which was based on particularly reliable data estimated by inclusion of measured NO2 and benzene concentrations, traffic patterns, and many other parameters in a model.
In addition, we d) extended the full model with the second pollutant to analyze the robustness of the one-pollutant estimate when adjusted for the second pollutant.
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