Overall, the epidemiological studies in human populations have to be considered with caution given their size, the methodology used to measure the porphyrin profile, the control of the effect of variables such as age and smoking and the difficulties in disentangling the individual pollutant effects from the pollution mixtures.
In general, the largest pollutant effects were observed at the lag 0 1, where pollution concentrations were evaluated at the average of the day of death (lag 0) and 1 day before death (lag 1).
Evidence has been provided that when area-wide measures of exposure to air pollution were used as proxies for personal exposures, then estimates of effects of pollutant effects were generally smaller than those based on exposure levels determined by personal sampling [ 34].
Carbon trading was dreamed up to try to conserve oil and reduce its pollutant effects.
Pollutant effects on aquatic key species are confounded by multiple abiotic and biotic stressors.
Recently, the focus of research has shifted from studying the effects of ozone to multiple pollutant effects.
This would provide a more complete picture of pollutant effects that could then be incorporated to remedial objectives.
In a general manner, experiments with in vitro immune cell cultures of wild marine mammals should be designed so as to minimize confounding factors in which case they remain a valuable tool to study pollutant effects in vitro.
The role of cytochrome P450 enzymes in the xenobiotic metabolism and the potential use of designed diets, containing chemoprotectors, to contend against pollutant effects on cultivated fish are discussed.
Our study underscores the need for risk assessment to consider sublethal pollutant effects, which may considerably affect survival rates under natural conditions, also when testing concentrations of a pesticide that cause direct mortality.
Because of the critical concern for the environment, up to now virtually all of the attention regarding air pollutant effects on plants has been directed to the quantitative aspects of their phytotoxicity.
